| Livestock operations and ecosystems would benefit from scientifically verified methods for deterring carnivores from depredating across a variety of livestock species and management scenarios. However, there are substantial systemic barriers to innovation, adoption, and validation of these deterrent methods. As part of a long-term examination of the barriers to adoption, we identified six categories of entities that are engaged in adoption: individual innovators, distributors and retailers, livestock and property owners, field researchers and academia, government policy-makers and agencies, and wildlife nonprofits. All of these stakeholders bear the burden of overcoming certain shared obstacles, including the cost in time, money, and relationships required to challenge the status quo, the counter-intuitive complexity of many of the facts and much of the scientific research related to depredation, inherent difficulties in assessing the efficacy of proposed deterrents, questions around the legitimacy of research related to funding, internal and external perceptions and expectations that other stakeholders should be held responsible, and responding effectively to generational conflicts and regional differences. Considering each of these shared obstacles from the stakeholder's perspectives sets the stage for overcoming more stakeholder-specific barriers and implementing effective depredation deterrents. |